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Clojure

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Clojure</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>:

<ul><li><a href="Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">agent-oriented</a><a href="#cite_note-reference/agents-1">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a><a href="#cite_note-reference/macros-6">[6]</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">pipeline</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Rich_Hickey" title="Rich Hickey">Rich Hickey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2007 (2007)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.12.1<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure1-12-1-8">[8]</a>

/ 2 June 2025 (2025-06-02)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Garbage collection</a> via a host (<a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">JVM</a>, <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">CLR</a>, a <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> runtime such as <a href="V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> in case of ClojureScript or <a href="BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM</a> (see <a href="#Alternative_platforms">below</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">Eclipse Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clojure.org">clojure.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"><a href="Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">ClojureScript, ClojureDart</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="hlist">

<li><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li>

<li><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li>

<li>Janet<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li>

<li>Pixie<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li>

<li>Rhine<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;">

<ul><li> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Clojure_Programming" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Clojure Programming">Clojure Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul>

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Clojure (/ˈkloʊʒər/, like closure)<a href="#cite_note-interview/a-z-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-clojure-meaning-pronunciation-18">[18]</a> is a <a href="Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic</a> and <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> <a href="Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialect</a> of the <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> on the <a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-platform/android-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-clojure.org-20">[20]</a>

Like most other Lisps, Clojure's <a href="Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> is built on <a href="S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a> that are first <a href="Parsing" title="Parsing">parsed</a> into <a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> by a <a href="Lisp_reader" title="Lisp reader">Lisp reader</a> before being <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reference/reader-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-interview/a-z-17">[17]</a> Clojure's reader supports literal syntax for <a href="Hash_table" title="Hash table">maps</a>, sets, and <a href="Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">vectors</a> along with lists, and these are compiled to the mentioned structures directly.<a href="#cite_note-reference/reader-21">[21]</a> Clojure treats <a href="Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">code as data</a> and has a <a href="Lisp_macro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp macro">Lisp macro</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-reference/lisps-22">[22]</a> Clojure is a <a href="Lisp-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp-1">Lisp-1</a> and is not intended to be code-compatible with other dialects of Lisp, since it uses its own set of data structures incompatible with other Lisps.<a href="#cite_note-reference/lisps-22">[22]</a>

Clojure advocates <a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutability</a> and <a href="Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">immutable data structures</a> and encourages programmers to be explicit about managing identity and its states.<a href="#cite_note-about/state-23">[23]</a> This focus on programming with immutable values and explicit progression-of-time constructs is intended to facilitate developing more robust, especially <a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a>, programs that are simple and fast.<a href="#cite_note-about/rationale-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-msdn/inside-clojure-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-interview/a-z-17">[17]</a> While its type system is entirely <a href="Type_system" title="Type system">dynamic</a>, recent efforts have also sought the implementation of a <a href="Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">dependent type system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

The language was created by <a href="Rich_Hickey" title="Rich Hickey">Rich Hickey</a> in the mid-2000s, originally for the Java platform; the language has since been ported to other platforms, such as the <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (.NET). Hickey continues to lead development of the language as its <a href="Benevolent_dictator_for_life" title="Benevolent dictator for life">benevolent dictator for life</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<a href="Rich_Hickey" title="Rich Hickey">Rich Hickey</a> is the creator of the Clojure language.<a href="#cite_note-platform/android-19">[19]</a> Before Clojure, he developed <code>dotLisp</code>, a similar project based on the <a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> platform,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and three earlier attempts to provide interoperability between Lisp and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>: a Java foreign language interface for <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> (<code>jfli</code>),<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A Foreign Object Interface for Lisp (FOIL),<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and a Lisp-friendly interface to Java Servlets (Lisplets).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

Hickey spent about two and a half years working on Clojure before releasing it publicly in October 2007,<a href="#cite_note-clojure_history-31">[31]</a> much of that time working exclusively on Clojure with no outside funding. At the end of this time, Hickey sent an email announcing the language to some friends in the Common Lisp community.

Clojure's name, according to Hickey, is a <a href="Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a> on the programming concept "<a href="Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">closure</a>" incorporating the letters C, L, and J for <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, and <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> respectively—three languages which had a major influence on Clojure's design.<a href="#cite_note-clojure-meaning-pronunciation-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

Rich Hickey developed Clojure because he wanted a modern <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> for <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>, symbiotic with the established <a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> platform, and designed for <a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about/rationale-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-msdn/inside-clojure-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-interview/a-z-17">[17]</a> He has also stressed the importance of simplicity in programming language design and software architecture, advocating for <a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">loose coupling</a>, <a href="Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a> via <a href="Type_class" title="Type class">protocols and type classes</a> instead of <a href="Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, <a href="Pure_function" title="Pure function">stateless functions</a> that are <a href="Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaced</a> instead of <a href="Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">methods</a> or <a href="Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">replacing syntax with data</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Clojure's approach to <a href="State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state</a> is characterized by the concept of identities,<a href="#cite_note-about/state-23">[23]</a> which are represented as a series of immutable states over time. Since states are immutable values, any number of workers can operate on them in parallel, and concurrency becomes a question of managing changes from one state to another. For this purpose, Clojure provides several mutable <a href="Reference_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference type">reference types</a>, each having well-defined semantics for the transition between states.<a href="#cite_note-about/state-23">[23]</a>

Clojure runs on the Java platform and as a result, integrates with Java and fully supports calling Java code from Clojure,<a href="#cite_note-about/jvm_hosted-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-interview/a-z-17">[17]</a> and Clojure code can be called from Java, too.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The community uses tools such as Clojure <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> (CLI)<a href="#cite_note-guides/deps_and_cli-38">[38]</a> or <a href="Leiningen_(software)" title="Leiningen (software)">Leiningen</a> for project automation, providing support for <a href="Apache_Maven" title="Apache Maven">Maven</a> integration. These tools handle project package management and dependencies and are configured using Clojure syntax.

As a Lisp dialect, Clojure supports <a href="Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">functions</a> as <a href="First-class_function" title="First-class function">first-class objects</a>, a <a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">read–eval–print loop</a> (REPL), and a macro system.<a href="#cite_note-reference/macros-6">[6]</a> Clojure's <a href="Lisp_macro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisp macro">Lisp macro</a> system is very similar to that of <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> with the exception that Clojure's version of the <a href="Backtick" title="Backtick">backquote</a> (termed "syntax quote") qualifies symbols with their <a href="Namespace" title="Namespace">namespace</a>. This helps prevent unintended name capture, as binding to namespace-qualified names is forbidden. It is possible to force a capturing macro expansion, but it must be done explicitly. Clojure does not allow user-defined reader macros, but the reader supports a more constrained form of syntactic extension.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Clojure supports <a href="Multiple_dispatch" title="Multiple dispatch">multimethods</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and for <a href="Software_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Interface">interface</a>-like abstractions has a <a href="Protocol_(object-oriented_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (object-oriented programming)">protocol</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> based polymorphism and data type system using <a href="Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">records</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> providing high-performance and dynamic polymorphism designed to avoid the <a href="Expression_problem" title="Expression problem">expression problem</a>.

Clojure has support for <a href="Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy sequences</a> and encourages the principle of <a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutability</a> and <a href="Persistent_data_structure" title="Persistent data structure">persistent data structures</a>. As a <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional language</a>, emphasis is placed on <a href="Recursion" title="Recursion">recursion</a> and <a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a> instead of side-effect-based looping. Automatic <a href="Tail_call" title="Tail call">tail call</a> optimization is not supported as the JVM does not support it natively;<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> it is possible to do so explicitly by using the <code>recur</code> keyword.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> For <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a> and <a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrent</a> programming Clojure provides <a href="Software_transactional_memory" title="Software transactional memory">software transactional memory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> a reactive <a href="Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">agent system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reference/agents-1">[1]</a> and <a href="Communicating_sequential_processes" title="Communicating sequential processes">channel</a>-based concurrent programming.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

Clojure 1.7 introduced reader conditionals by allowing the embedding of Clojure, ClojureScript and ClojureCLR code in the same namespace.<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure-17-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-reference/reader-21">[21]</a> Transducers were added as a method for composing transformations. Transducers enable higher-order functions such as <a href="Map_(higher-order_function)" title="Map (higher-order function)">map</a> and <a href="Fold_(higher-order_function)" title="Fold (higher-order function)">fold</a> to generalize over any source of input data. While traditionally these functions operate on <a href="List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">sequences</a>, transducers allow them to work on channels and let the user define their own models for transduction.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensible_Data_Notation">Extensible Data Notation</h2></div>

Extensible Data Notation, or edn,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> is a subset of the Clojure language intended as a data transfer format. It can be used to serialize and deserialize Clojure data structures, and Clojure itself uses a superset of edn to represent programs.

edn is used in a similar way to <a href="JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> or <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a>, but has a relatively large list of built-in elements, shown here with examples:

<ul><li>booleans: <code>true</code>, <code>false</code></li>

<li>strings: <code>"foo bar"</code></li>

<li>characters: <code>\c</code>, <code>\tab</code></li>

<li>symbols: <code>name</code></li>

<li>keywords: <code>:key</code></li>

<li>integers: <code>123</code></li>

<li>floating point numbers: <code>3.14</code></li>

<li>lists: <code>(a b 42)</code></li>

<li>vectors: <code>[a b 42]</code></li>

<li>nil: <code>nil</code> (a <a href="Nullable_type" title="Nullable type">null-like</a> value)</li></ul>

In addition to those elements, it supports extensibility through the use of tags, which consist of the character <code>#</code> followed by a symbol. When encountering a tag, the reader passes the value of the next element to the corresponding handler, which returns a data value. For example, this could be a tagged element: <code>#myapp/Person {:first "Fred" :last "Mertz"}</code>, whose interpretation will depend on the appropriate handler of the reader.

This definition of extension elements in terms of the others avoids relying on either convention or context to convey elements not included in the base set.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_platforms">Alternative platforms</h2></div>

The primary platform of Clojure is <a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a>,<a href="#cite_note-clojure.org-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-about/jvm_hosted-36">[36]</a> but other target implementations exist. The most notable of these is ClojureScript,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> which compiles to <a href="ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> 3,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and ClojureCLR,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> a full port on the <a href=".NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> platform, interoperable with its ecosystem.

Other implementations of Clojure on different platforms include:

<ul><li>Babashka,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Native Clojure scripting language leveraging <a href="GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a> native image and Small Clojure Interpreter</li>

<li>ClojureDart,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Extend Clojure's reach to mobile & desktop apps by porting Clojure to Dart and Flutter</li>

<li>Clojerl,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Clojure on <a href="BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM</a>, the <a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a></li>

<li>basilisp,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A Clojure-compatible(-ish) Lisp dialect targeting Python 3.8+</li>

<li>ClojureRS,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Clojure on <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li>

<li>Ferret,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> compiles to self-contained C++11 that can run on microcontrollers</li>

<li>jank,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Native Clojure hosted in C++ on an LLVM-based JIT</li>

<li>Joker,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> an interpreter and <a href="Lint_(software)" title="Lint (software)">linter</a> written in <a href="Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2></div>

Tooling for Clojure development has seen significant improvement over the years. The following is a list of some popular <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a> and <a href="Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a> with plug-ins that add support for programming in Clojure:<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>, with CIDER<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li>

<li><a href="IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a>, with Cursive<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> (a free license is available for <a href="Non-commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial">non-commercial</a> use)</li>

<li><a href="Sublime_Text" title="Sublime Text">Sublime Text</a>, with Clojure Sublimed,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> or Tutkain,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li>

<li><a href="Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a>, with fireplace.vim,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> vim-elin,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> or Conjure (Neovim only)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a>, with Calva<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li>

<li>IDE-agnostic: clojure-lsp<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> as a <a href="Language_Server_Protocol" title="Language Server Protocol">Language Server</a>; clj-kondo<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> as a <a href="Lint_(software)" title="Lint (software)">linter</a> (also used by clojure-lsp)</li></ul>

In addition to the tools provided by the community, the official Clojure <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> (CLI) tools<a href="#cite_note-guides/deps_and_cli-38">[38]</a> have also become available on <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> since Clojure 1.9.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

The development process is restricted to the Clojure core team, though issues are publicly visible at the Clojure <a href="Jira_(software)" title="Jira (software)">JIRA</a> project page.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Anyone can ask questions or submit issues and ideas at ask.clojure.org.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> If it's determined that a new issue warrants a JIRA ticket, a core team member will triage it and add it. JIRA issues are processed by a team of screeners and finally approved by Rich Hickey.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>

With continued interest in functional programming, Clojure's adoption by software developers using the Java platform has continued to increase.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The language has also been recommended by software developers such as Brian Goetz,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Eric Evans,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and <a href="Robert_C._Martin" title="Robert C. Martin">Robert C. Martin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="ThoughtWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="ThoughtWorks">ThoughtWorks</a>, while assessing functional programming languages for their Technology Radar,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> described Clojure as "a simple, elegant implementation of Lisp on the JVM" in 2010 and promoted its status to "ADOPT" in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>

In the "JVM Ecosystem Report 2018" (which was claimed to be "the largest survey ever of Java developers"), that was prepared in collaboration by Snyk and Java Magazine, ranked Clojure as the 2nd most used programming language on the JVM for "main applications".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Clojure is used in industry by firms<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> such as <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="Atlassian" title="Atlassian">Atlassian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="Funding_Circle" title="Funding Circle">Funding Circle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="Nubank" title="Nubank">Nubank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="Puppet_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet (company)">Puppet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and <a href="Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> as well as government agencies such as <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> It has also been used for creative computing, including visual art, music, games, and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>

In the 2023 edition of <a href="Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a> Developer Survey, Clojure was the fourth most admired in the category of programming and scripting languages, with 68.51% of the respondents who have worked with it last year saying they would like to continue using it. In the desired category, however it was marked as such by only 2.2% of the surveyed, whereas the highest scoring <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> was desired by 40.15% of the developers participating in the survey.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2></div>

<th>Version

</th>

<th>Release date

</th>

<th>Major features, improvements

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>October 17, 2007 (2007-10-17)<a href="#cite_note-clojure_history-31">[31]</a>

</td>

<td>Initial public release

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.0

</td>

</td>

<td>First stable release

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.1

</td>

<td>December 31, 2009 (2009-12-31)<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>

</td>

<td>Futures

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.2

</td>

<td>August 19, 2010 (2010-08-19)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>

</td>

<td>Protocols

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.3

</td>

<td>September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23)<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>

</td>

<td>Enhanced primitive support

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.4

</td>

<td>April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>

</td>

<td>Reader literals

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.5

</td>

<td>March 1, 2013 (2013-03-01)<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>

</td>

<td>Reducers

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.5.1

</td>

<td>March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>

</td>

<td>Fixing a memory leak

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.6

</td>

<td>March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>

</td>

<td>Java API, improved hashing algorithms

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.7

</td>

</td>

<td>Transducers, reader conditionals

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.8

</td>

<td>January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>

</td>

<td>Additional string functions, direct linking, socket server

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.9

</td>

<td>December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>

</td>

<td>Integration with spec, command-line tools

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.10

</td>

<td>December 17, 2018 (2018-12-17)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>

</td>

<td>Improved error reporting, Java compatibility

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.10.1

</td>

</td>

<td>Working around a Java performance regression and improving error reporting from <code>clojure.main</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.10.2

</td>

<td>January 26, 2021 (2021-01-26)<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure1-10-2-122">[122]</a>

</td>

<td>Java interoperability/compatibility improvements and other important language fixes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.10.3

</td>

<td>March 4, 2021 (2021-03-04)<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure1-10-3-123">[123]</a>

</td>

<td>prepl support for reader conditionals

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.11.0

</td>

<td>March 22, 2022 (2022-03-22)<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure1-11-0-124">[124]</a>

</td>

<td>New syntax for keyword argument invocation, new <code>clojure.math</code> namespace, namespace aliasing without loading, and new helper functions added to <code>clojure.core</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.11.1

</td>

<td>April 5, 2022 (2022-04-05)<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure1-11-1-125">[125]</a>

</td>

<td>Rolling back unintended change in binary serialisation of objects of types <code>clojure.lang.Keyword</code> and <code>clojure.lang.ArraySeq</code>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.11.2

</td>

<td>March 8, 2024 (2024-03-08)<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure1-11-2-126">[126]</a>

</td>

<td>Fix for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22871">CVE-2024-22871</a> <a href="Denial_of_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of Service">Denial of Service</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.12.0

</td>

<td>September 5, 2024 (2024-09-05)<a href="#cite_note-release/clojure1-12-0-127">[127]</a>

</td>

<td>Java method values, params type hints, array class syntax, <code>add-lib</code>, <code>clojure.java.process</code>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="1.12.1">Latest version: 1.12.1<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1295599781">

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<td>Includes bug fixes, improved interop, enhanced tool support, and metadata updates.

</td></tr>

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</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">List of JVM languages</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">List of CLI languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

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<li><cite id="CITEREFMillerHallowayBedra2018" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Alex; Halloway, Stuart; Bedra, Aaron (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pragprog.com/titles/shcloj3/">Programming Clojure</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="Pragmatic_Bookshelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragmatic Bookshelf">Pragmatic Bookshelf</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-68050-246-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFFogusHouser2014" class="citation book cs1">Fogus, Michael; Houser, Chris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023083354/http://www.joyofclojure.com/">The Joy of Clojure</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="Manning_Publications" title="Manning Publications">Manning Publications</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-617291-41-8</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joyofclojure.com/">the original</a> on 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2018-11-05.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKelker2013" class="citation book cs1">Kelker, Ryan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/clojure-domain-specific-languages">Clojure for Domain-specific Languages</a>. <a href="Packt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packt Publishing">Packt Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78216-650-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRochester2014" class="citation book cs1">Rochester, Eric (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.packtpub.com/big-data-and-business-intelligence/mastering-clojure-data-analysis">Mastering Clojure Data Analysis</a>. <a href="Packt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Packt Publishing">Packt Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78328-413-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEmerickCarperGrand2012" class="citation book cs1">Emerick, Chas; Carper, Brian; Grand, Christophe (April 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clojurebook.com/">Clojure Programming</a>. <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4493-9470-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVanderHartSierra2010" class="citation book cs1">VanderHart, Luke; Sierra, Stuart (June 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apress.com/us/book/9781430272311">Practical Clojure</a>. <a href="Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4302-7231-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clojure.org/">Official website</a> </li></ul>

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Lisp_programming880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Automatic storage management</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">Conditionals</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic typing</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">Higher-order functions</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_list" title="Linked list">Linked lists</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macros</a></li>

<li><a href="M-expression" title="M-expression">M-expressions</a> (deprecated)</li>

<li><a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">Read–eval–print loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursion</a></li>

<li><a href="S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">Self-hosting</a> <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree data structure">Tree data structures</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Lisp_Object_System" title="Common Lisp Object System">Common Lisp Object System</a> (CLOS)</li>

<li><a href="CommonLoops" title="CommonLoops">CommonLoops</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavors_(programming_language)" title="Flavors (programming language)">Flavors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standardized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allegro_Common_Lisp" title="Allegro Common Lisp">Allegro Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Armed_Bear_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Bear Common Lisp">Armed Bear Common Lisp</a> (ABCL)</li>

<li><a href="CLISP" title="CLISP">CLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Clozure_CL" title="Clozure CL">Clozure CL</a></li>

<li><a href="CMU_Common_Lisp" title="CMU Common Lisp">CMU Common Lisp</a> (CMUCL)</li>

<li><a href="Corman_Common_Lisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Corman Common Lisp">Corman Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Embeddable_Common_Lisp" title="Embeddable Common Lisp">Embeddable Common Lisp</a> (ECL)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Common_Lisp" title="GNU Common Lisp">GNU Common Lisp</a> (GCL)</li>

<li><a href="LispWorks" title="LispWorks">LispWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_Common_Lisp" title="Macintosh Common Lisp">Macintosh Common Lisp</a></li>

<li>Movitz</li>

<li><a href="Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_Bank_Common_Lisp" title="Steel Bank Common Lisp">Steel Bank Common Lisp</a> (SBCL)</li>

<li><a href="Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Symbolics Common Lisp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language" title="History of the Scheme programming language">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigloo" title="Bigloo">Bigloo</a></li>

<li><a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambit_(scheme_implementation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit (scheme implementation)">Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_Oriented_Assembly_Lisp" title="Game Oriented Assembly Lisp">Game Oriented Assembly Lisp</a> (GOAL)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ikarus_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Ikarus (Scheme implementation)">Ikarus</a></li>

<li><a href="JScheme" title="JScheme">JScheme</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT/GNU_Scheme" title="MIT/GNU Scheme">MIT/GNU Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="MultiLisp" title="MultiLisp">MultiLisp</a></li>

<li>Pocket Scheme</li>

<li><a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> (<a href="Racket_features" title="Racket features">features</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Scheme_48" title="Scheme 48">Scheme 48</a></li>

<li><a href="TinyScheme" title="TinyScheme">TinyScheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unstandardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MSWLogo" title="MSWLogo">MSWLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="NetLogo" title="NetLogo">NetLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a></li>

<li><a href="UCBLogo" title="UCBLogo">UCBLogo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="POP-11" title="POP-11">POP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> (POP-1)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<li><a href="AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> (<a href="Apple_Dylan" title="Apple Dylan">Apple</a>, <a href="History_of_the_Dylan_programming_language" title="History of the Dylan programming language">history</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>, <a href="PC-LISP" title="PC-LISP">PC-LISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Engineering_Environment" title="Knowledge Engineering Environment">Knowledge Engineering Environment</a></li>

<li><a href="LeLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="LeLisp">LeLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Lispkit_Lisp" title="Lispkit Lisp">Lispkit Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li>

<li><a href="MLisp" title="MLisp">MLisp</a></li>

<li><a href="NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a></li>

<li><a href="Picolisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Picolisp">Picolisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_Standard_Lisp" title="Portable Standard Lisp">Portable Standard Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadence_SKILL" title="Cadence SKILL">SKILL</a></li>

<li><a href="Spice_Lisp" title="Spice Lisp">Spice Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Zetalisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetalisp">Zetalisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Common_Lisp_Interface_Manager" title="Common Lisp Interface Manager">Common Lisp Interface Manager</a>, <a href="McCLIM" title="McCLIM">McCLIM</a></li>

<li><a href="Genera_(operating_system)" title="Genera (operating system)">Genera</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space-cadet_keyboard" title="Space-cadet keyboard">Space-cadet keyboard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community of practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scheme_Requests_for_Implementation" title="Scheme Requests for Implementation">Scheme Requests for Implementation</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Lisp_HyperSpec" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Lisp_the_Language" title="Common Lisp the Language">Common Lisp the Language</a></li>

<li><a href="How_to_Design_Programs" title="How to Design Programs">How to Design Programs</a> (HTDP)</li>

<li><a href="Practical_Common_Lisp" title="Practical Common Lisp">Practical Common Lisp</a></li>

<li><a href="Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> (SICP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curriculum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ProgramByDesign" title="ProgramByDesign">ProgramByDesign</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlequin_(software_company)" title="Harlequin (software company)">Harlequin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucid_Inc." title="Lucid Inc.">Lucid Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a></li>

<li><a href="Xanalys" title="Xanalys">Xanalys</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li>

<li><a href="MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> (CSAIL)</li>

<li><a href="Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Stanford_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edmund_Berkeley" title="Edmund Berkeley">Edmund Berkeley</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Clinger_(computer_scientist)" title="William Clinger (computer scientist)">William Clinger</a></li>

<li><a href="R._Kent_Dybvig" title="R. Kent Dybvig">R. Kent Dybvig</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bruce_Findler" title="Robert Bruce Findler">Robert Bruce Findler</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Phyllis_Fox" title="Phyllis Fox">Phyllis Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Graham_(programmer)" title="Paul Graham (programmer)">Paul Graham</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Greenblatt_(programmer)" title="Richard Greenblatt (programmer)">Richard Greenblatt</a></li>

<li>Timothy P. Hart</li>

<li><a href="Louis_Hodes" title="Louis Hodes">Louis Hodes</a></li>

<li>Mike Levin</li>

<li><a href="David_Luckham" title="David Luckham">David Luckham</a></li>

<li><a href="John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Park_(computer_scientist)" title="David Park (computer scientist)">David Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scott_Fahlman" title="Scott Fahlman">Scott Fahlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_P._Gabriel" title="Richard P. Gabriel">Richard P. Gabriel</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> (<a href="Greenspun's_tenth_rule" title="Greenspun's tenth rule">10th rule</a>)</li>

<li><a href="David_A._Moon" title="David A. Moon">David A. Moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kent_Pitman" title="Kent Pitman">Kent Pitman</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Weinreb" title="Daniel Weinreb">Daniel Weinreb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Matthias_Felleisen" title="Matthias Felleisen">Matthias Felleisen</a></li>

<li><a href="Shriram_Krishnamurthi" title="Shriram Krishnamurthi">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a></li>

<li><a href="Julie_Sussman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Sussman">Julie Sussman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Denison_Bollay" title="Denison Bollay">Denison Bollay</a></li>

<li><a href="Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Harvey_(lecturer)" title="Brian Harvey (lecturer)">Brian Harvey</a></li>

<li><a href="Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <a href="List_of_Lisp-family_programming_languages" title="List of Lisp-family programming languages">List</a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Lisp_programming_language" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Subject:Lisp programming language">Books</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lisp_(programming_language)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Lisp (programming language)">Commons</a> Category Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style><div class="navbar-header">Timeline of Lisp dialects</div>

</caption>

<th width="7%">1958

</th>

<th width="7%">1960

</th>

<th width="7%">1965

</th>

<th width="7%">1970

</th>

<th width="7%">1975

</th>

<th width="7%">1980

</th>

<th width="7%">1985

</th>

<th width="7%">1990

</th>

<th width="7%">1995

</th>

<th width="7%">2000

</th>

<th width="7%">2005

</th>

<th width="7%">2010

</th>

<th width="8%">2015

</th>

<th width="8%">2020

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th align="left" colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"> LISP 1, 1.5, <a href="LISP_2" title="LISP 2">LISP 2(abandoned)</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Lisp_Machine_Lisp" title="Lisp Machine Lisp">Lisp Machine Lisp</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> R5RS

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="1" style="background:lightgray"> R6RS

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"> R7RS small

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Z-machine#ZIL_(Zork_Implementation_Language)" title="Z-machine">ZIL (Zork Implementation Language)</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"> muLisp

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"> ANSI standard

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="11" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="MIT_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Scheme">MIT Scheme</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="XLISP" title="XLISP">XLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Chez_Scheme" title="Chez Scheme">Chez Scheme</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="PicoLisp" title="PicoLisp">PicoLisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Gambit_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Gambit (Scheme implementation)">Gambit</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="8" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="PLT_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="PLT Scheme">PLT Scheme</a>

</th>

<th align="left" colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th align="left" colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"> <a href="AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">Visual LISP</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</th></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Java_(software_platform)419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Java_(software_platform)419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java (software platform)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Java_Platform%2C_Micro_Edition" title="Java Platform, Micro Edition">Java ME</a> (Micro)</li>

<li><a href="Java_Platform%2C_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java SE</a> (Standard)</li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_EE" title="Jakarta EE">Jakarta EE</a> (Enterprise)</li>

<li><a href="Android_software_development#SDK" title="Android software development">Android SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Squawk_virtual_machine" title="Squawk virtual machine">Squawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaFX" title="JavaFX">JavaFX</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxine_Virtual_Machine" title="Maxine Virtual Machine">Maxine VM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Java_applet" title="Java applet">Applets</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Servlets</a></li>

<li><a href="MIDlet" title="MIDlet">MIDlets</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Web_Start" title="Java Web Start">Web Start</a> (JNLP)</li>

<li><a href="Java_Platform_Module_System" title="Java Platform Module System">Modules</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major third-party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blackdown_Java" title="Blackdown Java">Blackdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Classpath" title="GNU Classpath">GNU Classpath</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="Hibernate_(framework)" title="Hibernate (framework)">Hibernate</a></li>

<li><a href="IcedTea" title="IcedTea">IcedTea</a></li>

<li><a href="Jazelle" title="Jazelle">Jazelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_Framework" title="Spring Framework">Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Struts" title="Apache Struts">Struts</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_TopLink" title="Oracle TopLink">TopLink</a></li>

<li><a href="WildFly" title="WildFly">WildFly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Java_version_history" title="Java version history">Java version history</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Java_implementations" title="Free Java implementations">Free Java implementations</a></li>

<li>Slogan: <a href="Write_once%2C_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">Write once, run anywhere</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">JVM languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="BeanShell" title="BeanShell">BeanShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a></li>

<li><a href="JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Processing" title="Processing">Processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li>

<li><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaOne" title="JavaOne">JavaOne</a></li>

<li><a href="Devoxx" title="Devoxx">Devoxx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_Foundation" title="Eclipse Foundation">Eclipse Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="Sun_Microsystems_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Microsystems Laboratories">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_van_Hoff" title="Arthur van Hoff">Arthur van Hoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Naughton" class="new" title="Patrick Naughton (page does not exist)">Patrick Naughton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> Category • <a href="Portal%3AComputer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51798#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata720" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51798#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata720" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7722643-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2011003332">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007599872005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/a17870a1-5f01-4994-8d92-9571d0a32936">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Clojure&oldid=1303808528">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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